UNIT 2: EDUCATION FOR ECONOMIC AND NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ( 10 hrs)
Social Indices of National
Development
Education as an investment-
Share of GDP to Education
‘Educated unemployment’-
Causes and Remedies
Education an instrument for
intellectual property and inventions and discoveries for the welfare of the
society
(IPR)- Industrial property
rights- copy rights and related rights
SOCIAL INDICATORS
Social
indicators are defined as statistical measures that describe social trends and
conditions impacting on human well-being. Generally, social indicators perform
one or more of three functions:
·
providing information for
decision-making
·
monitoring and evaluating
policies
·
and/or searching for a
common good and deciding how to reach it
Social Indices
of Development
The main social
indicators of development include education, health, employment and
unemployment rates and gender equality.
Examples
of social indicators are
·
Poverty rate,
·
Inequality rate
·
Educational attainment
·
Life expectancy
·
Employment and unemployment
rates
·
Obesity rate
·
Fertility rate
·
Health expenditure
·
Suicide rates
·
Youth neither in employment,
education nor training (NEET rate)
·
Life satisfaction (objective
and subjective)
Objective and
subjective social indicators
Objective
social indicators are statistics which represent social facts independent of
personal evaluations and subjective social indicators measure of individual
perceptions, self-reports and evaluations of social conditions. There is an
emerging consensus amongst experts that social progress and human well-being
should be measured by a combination of both objective and subjective
indicators.
Examples
of subjective indicators include:
·
trust
·
confidence
·
life satisfaction
·
well-being
·
perceived security
Indicators Used to
Measure Education and Development
The World
Bank uses the following eight core indicators to
measure how developed a country is in terms of education:
· The net enrolment rate for pre-primary
· The net enrolment rate for primary
· The net enrolment rate for secondary education
· The gross enrolment ratio for tertiary (further) education.
· Gender parity for primary education (using the gross enrolment
ratio)**
· primary completion rate for both sexes
· The total number of primary aged children who are out of school.
· Government expenditure on education as a percentage of GDP.
Education as an investment- Share of GDP to Education
"The total expenditure by central and state
governments on education was 3.8 per cent of GDP in 2014, it has increased to
4.6 percent now. The Government is making continuous efforts to improve
educational facilities.... Seven new IITs, seven new IIMs, two new NITs
(National Institutes of Technology), three central universities and around 125 Kendriya
Vidyalayas have been started recently." The portal SWAYAM offers 2,000
courses and "like ATM, this is ATL 'Anytime Learning' for everyone for
free", Also 32 educational channels have been launched while free coaching
for IIT Joint Entrance Exam is offered through IIT-PAL (Professor Assisted
Learning) programme. Also government took a "historic decision of
introducing graded autonomy, while ensuring quality education". Also the government is
intending that the graduating students have to
take decision to live for society, this is necessary for a new India which is
free of corruption, uncleanliness, terrorism, poverty, communalism and
casteism". In its 'Strategy for New
India @ 75' report' on December 19, 2018, it has recommended that spending on
education should be increased to at least 6 percent of GDP by 2022.
According to World Bank's
data in 2013, Government spending on education by both central and state governments
in India is 3.8 percent of GDP which is lesser than the world average of about
4.7 per cent of GDP in the same year.
Keys areas on education
NITI Aayog has addressed
some key areas in education which cover the following
· School education
· Higher education
· Vocational education
The report has also made
recommendations to improve enrollment, learning outcome, employability and
reduce stress on school children.
1.
Learning outcomes need improvement
Though the enrollment in
elementary levels is satisfactory, the learning outcomes of those enrolled
should be improved, NITI Aayog's report stated.
2.
Initiate vocational education from class 8
The report says that the
Indian government should also initiate vocational education starting from Class
8. Along with this, the government should also compulsorily accredit all higher
education institutions.
3.
Preference for private schools
It highlighted that
parents are giving preference to the private schools over the government
schools because of the general perception that private schools deliver
better education than the government schools.
4.
Increase the investment rate
Apart from education, the
report also addressed that the investment rate should be raised from the
present 29 percent of GDP to 36 percent by 2022-23, of which half must come
from public investment. More than two decades of experience in development and
emergency response have shown how education can make a lasting difference in
children’s lives. But education’s not just good for children, it’s good for
nations. Investing in education isn’t just the right thing to do, it’s smart
economics.
·
Education can put people on a path towards good health,
empowerment and employment.
·
It can help to build more peaceful societies.
·
benefits of girls’ education extends to their own children who are
often healthier and more educated because their mothers went to school.
·
each additional year of education boosts a person’s income by 10
per cent and increases a country’s GDP by 18 per cent. Some researchers
estimate that if every child learned to read, around 170 million fewer people
would live in poverty.
Six ways Education systems can reform nation
- Attract good teacher
A good teacher
- adds value to the learning process
- can be effective in helping students learn.
- Top-performing systems recruit
teachers from the top third of each graduate cohort.
- Should give guidance on the use
of teachers’ work hours, and attracts the best into teaching through entry
requirements, competitive pay, appealing work conditions, and attractive
career opportunities.
- In addition, good principals are expected to help not
only their own schools improve but also other schools that may be failing.
- Assess students and schools
Countries that are
unable to determine where their education system stands currently will find it
difficult to make improvements or to reach their goals.
- Make the system accountable
Accountability increases time on task and
academic achievement. An accountability-based system usually entails a shift of
decision making authority from the government to the community.
Negative or positive school quality scores can
decrease or increase the number of students choosing a school after the year of
publication. An academic school track receiving the most positive score sees
its inflow of students rise by 15 to 20 students.
- Provide autonomy
Empowering schools- giving them ownership,
resources, and voice- enhances the quality of improvement.
- Pay attention to early
childhood development (ECD) and early reading
These programs may be the most cost-effective investments.
Empirical evidence shows that quality ECD interventions increase educational
success and adult productivity, and decrease public expenditures later on.
- Awareness of culture
The higher quality of culture in education generates higher
promotion rates will help students complete primary education and will
substantially increase completion rates at low cost.
EDUCATED UNEMPLOYMENT
AND REMEDIES
Unemployment is a
situation of not getting the work and wages with eligible conditions. People
are getting education but not getting the jobs is educated unemployment.
Unemployment is the most dangerous problem of each and every developing
countries now a days.
Main Causes Of Educated
Unemployment
- Economic Condition
Educated youth need
employability and wage package that meets the skill they possess, but due to
weak economic conditions there is no such opportunities or packages. Here the
Government policies have to be polished in a way to utilise the full manpower. Employers
are struggling hard to attract them with huge pay-packages that are increasing
their production cost significantly. The employers are losing their competitive
edge in global markets. Global slowdown only adds to the crisis. Corporations
are now facing dual problem.
- Lack of Skill
Indian economy is mainly
based on Agriculture, but it is now increasing in IT and industrial field. But there
is shortage of skilled manpower. Educated youths are not absorbed by the new
job sectors, because they are mainly lacking three types of skills required to
be placed in these jobs such as
1. Communication skill
2. Analytical skill and problem solving
3. lack of knowledge in
their respective domain
The problem lies in the Indian
education system. The syllabus committees have not been interfacing with the
industries. Several big industries have to set-up their own in house training
program to fight with the problem. Most of the newly employed youths are
compulsorily undergone employers own training program. This enhances cost of
employers enormously. It also wastes time.
3. Technology Growth
The growth of new
technologies are also be considered for unemployment to certain extend. Today
there are machines that can do 10 days of 100 employees work in 1 day with 1 operator;
a computer can do documentation works which included 100s of persons work. In
some areas technology inclusion is a must for the growth of the economy and at
the same time it reduces chances of job opportunities.
4. Population and migration
Uncontrolled population
growth and migration of foreign job seekers could also be counted as a cause of
unemployment. Migration of qualified skilled professionals from the country
seeking better jobs outside, migration of people from neighbouring countries
seeking jobs are also boosts the concerns in unemployment.
5. Some Other Reasons
behind Educated Unemployment
1. Recessions
2. Inflation
3. Disability to do the job
4. Nepotism
5. Demand of highly skilled
labour.
6. Attitude towards
employers
7. Undulations in the
business cycles
8. Unsatisfied incomes or
salaries of the employees
9. Young people are not
ready to take jobs which are considered to be socially degrading or lowly
6. Effects of Educated Unemployment
- It
has been observed that one year of unemployment reduces the life
expectancy by five years.
- Hypertension,
cardiac problems, psychoneurosis, depression, suicide are rising among
youth
- behaviours
including joining anti-social groups, Alcoholism, drug addiction, smoking,
and rash driving behaviours have increased.
- revenge
against the society which has made the youth develop low self-esteem due
to unemployment or not being able to be a productive member of the
society.
- The
suicide rate in the high school going children has been increasing
steadily.
- Low
economic growth.
- Unemployment
can lead to emotional and mental stress.
- poverty
Remedies
- policies
such as fiscal relief to states, substantial additional investment in
infrastructure, expanded safety net measures.
- direct
job creation programs in communities particularly hard-hit by unemployment
- The
educational system must be made job oriented.
- Rapid
industrialization.
- The
need of faster economic growth to generate more jobs.
- training
to the youths with a greater focus on vocational skills and
self-employment.
- The
Government support to struggling industries is necessary to try to save
jobs.
- Promoting
education especially female education and motivating people to have small
families.
- Enhanced
focus on entrepreneurial, communication, and inter-personnel skill
development
- Increased
cross-talk between public-private, formal/informal educational enterprises
- Integrated
counselling, evaluation, and career guidance initiatives.
- Earn while you learn
- Skills
based education
- Career
guidance helps people to reflect on their ambitions, interests,
qualifications and abilities.
Effort Made By Government
1. Prime Minister’s Rozgar
Yojana (P.M.R.Y) for educated unemployed youth
2. Scheme for Educated
Unemployed for employment generation in urban localities (SEEGUL)
3. Scheme of
Self-Employment for Educated Unemployed Youth (SEEUY)
4. Schemes for the State
Governments (Educated Unemployed Youth)
5. Scheme for “New
Initiative in Skill Development through PPP” by Planning Commission of India
Education an instrument for intellectual property and inventions
and discoveries for the welfare of the society
Universities and public research institutions are
direct contributors towards innovation and research. The potential pool of
talent for innovation also emanates largely from educational institutions and
research institutions.
The significance of Intellectual Property Rights
(IPR) in higher education has been widely recognized. This could be credited to
the National IPR Policy approved by the Union Cabinet in May 2016. The
primary focus of this Policy is towards promoting innovation and creativity,
especially amongst entrepreneurs and in higher education institutions.
·
The
National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF), a ranking system adopted by
the Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD), ranks institutions of higher
education in India to include promoting innovation, research and development
while assessing their performance beyond academics. One of the parameters
considered while ranking and which is significant to our discussion is Research and Professional
Practice that includes IPR and patents – both published and
granted, by students and faculty members which has a weightage of about 15
marks.
·
Publications and patent applications
have been found to be highest from engineering and technology institutes. The
ranking of top educational institutions was found to be proportional to the
number of applications filed for patents.
·
encouraging students to understand the
importance of start-ups, thus directing their focus towards
entrepreneurship.
·
An active collaboration between the
student and the university leads to growth, development and healthy
commercialisation of the invention conceived in the campus.
Filing
for intellectual property rights not only helps innovators protect their
invention, but also provides better collaboration and funding opportunities
Intellectual Property (IP)
Intellectual property (IP) pertains to any original creation of
the human intellect such as artistic, literary, technical, or scientific
creation. Intellectual property rights (IPR) refers to the legal rights given
to the inventor or creator to protect his invention or creation for a certain period
of time. “The exclusive right
granted by State, to prevent others from using, manufacturing, distributing -
inventions, processes, applications, new and original designs, trademarks, new
plant varieties, data bases and artistic and literary works”. Such a person is
known as ‘rights owner’ or ‘rights holder’
Nature of Intellectual Property Rights
- Intellectual
property insists on some amount of novelty or originality to gain
protection.
- Intellectual
property system is duration specific.
- It does not provide perpetual and
absolute monopoly over the property.
- What
is protected with respect to intellectual property is the use or value of
ideas/expressed ideas.
- Rights
constituting intellectual property are not over abstract ideas but rather
over physical, concrete or tangible manifestations of these ideas. For
e.g., rights under patent law include the right to manufacture, distribute
etc. while rights under copyright law extend to the right of distribution,
publication etc. all of which deal with concrete embodiments of ideas and
not the abstract ideas themselves.
1.
Industrial Designs
It can be registered under
Designs Act. Design deals with features, shapes, patterns, etc., applied to an
article by an industrial process, manual or mechanical.
2.
Patents
Is a monopoly right
granted to a person, who invented a new product or process of making an
article, for 20years under the Indian Patents Act, 1970, and can be renewed
after expiration of period. The inventor has to file for patent first, and then
make his/ her invention to public. A patent has to be applied in each country
by the inventor, to claim his rights in that country.
Eg: A group of
scientists working on new drug development in Himalaya Drugs for some salary.
The patent of the drug developed is given to Himalaya Drugs, but not to the
scientists. The drug may have many patents like composition, process, and
product etc.
3.
Trademarks:
Trademark can be a word,
name, brand, symbol, label etc., used by a company to create a unique identity
for their product. Trademark can be registered, and then use ™ ®. The
registration validity is for 7 years and renewable after expiry. In India, it
is governed by the Trade and Merchandise Marks Act, 1958, which came into force
on 25th Nov., 1959.
4.
Trade Secrets:
Trade secret is any
intellectual work or product used for a business purpose that can be classified
as belonging to that business provided it is not based on information in public
domain.
5.
Geographical Indication:
This is an indication
that originates from a definite geographical area, which is used to identify
natural or manufactured product. For eg., Gadwal/ Pochampally Sarees, Nirmal
paintings, Kolhapuri Chappals, Solapur Chaddar etc., qualify for registration
under this category. It is valid for 10 years. The application for registration
can be an association of persons, organization or by producers.
6.
Copyright:
Copyright is an
exclusive legal right to reproduce an original work of authorship fixed in any
tangible medium of expression, to prepare derivative works based on original
work, and to perform or display the work in the case of dramatic, music,
choreographic and sculptural works. Copyright prevents copying of the
expression. Eg: Bhagwat Geeta, Pathanjali Yoga sutras, Narada Neeti
Copyright
and Related Rights
Copyright laws grant authors, artists
and other creators protection for their literary and artistic creations,
generally referred to as “works”. A closely associated field is “related
rights” or rights related to copyright that encompass rights similar or
identical to those of copyright, although sometimes more limited and of shorter
duration.
The beneficiaries of related rights are:
performers (such as actors and musicians) in their performances; producers of
phonograms (for example, compact discs) in their sound recordings; and broadcasting
organizations in their radio and television programs.
Works covered by copyright include, but
are not limited to: novels, poems, plays, reference works, newspapers,
advertisements, computer programs, databases, films, musical compositions, choreography,
paintings, drawings, photographs, sculpture, architecture, maps and technical
drawings.
The creators of works protected by
copyright, and their heirs and successors (generally referred to as “right
holders”), have certain basic rights under copyright law. They hold the
exclusive right to use or authorize others to use the work on agreed terms. The
right holder(s) of a work can authorize or prohibit: its reproduction in all
forms, including print form and sound recording; its public performance and
communication to the public; its broadcasting; its translation into other
languages; and its adaptation, such as from a novel to a screenplay for a film.
Many types of works protected under the
laws of copyright and related rights require mass distribution, communication
and financial investment for their successful dissemination (for example,
publications, sound recordings and films). Hence, creators often transfer these
rights to companies better able to develop and market the works, in return for compensation
in the form of payments and/or royalties (compensation based on a percentage of
revenues generated by the work).
This term of protection enables
- both
creators and their heirs and successors to benefit financially for a
reasonable period of time. Related rights enjoy shorter terms, normally 50
years after the performance, recording or broadcast has taken place.
- right to
claim authorship of a work, and the right to oppose changes to the work
that could harm the creator’s reputation.
- a variety of
methods including civil action suits, administrative remedies and criminal
prosecution.
- Injunctions, orders requiring destruction
of infringing items, inspection orders, among others, are used to enforce
these rights.
- The field
of copyright and related rights has expanded enormously during the last
several decades with the spectacular progress of technological development
that has, in turn, yielded new ways of disseminating creations by such
forms of communication as satellite broadcasting, compact discs and DVDs.
- Widespread
dissemination of works via the Internet raises difficult questions
concerning copyright and related rights in this global medium.
- optional
registration and deposit of works.
- provide with
efficient administrative support and legal expertise for collecting,
managing and disbursing
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